漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

/ {- r1 l5 u8 ~6 S- c5 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) P) B4 J" X* P( M) j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ' {0 _' p' j& O" c* T% p5 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 5 C) Y& D* l" D: h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,$ k3 B: J" E3 I- b+ C9 v9 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + }+ k5 @/ x' S/ m1 A9 k9 U"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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# F9 `& h' ~! T9 x7 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 g+ t) |4 W+ Z8 S2 @- E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 1 Z8 C8 h; x) B2 i& c: bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, j, U9 U" Y. A7 g( t8 n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 2 l4 Q, s6 T0 X; \4 J3 ~3 d2 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, / @+ K, D0 m; e+ _. Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 J6 [+ @% }" M( I% B# H"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, / I3 g8 g: z. r6 R' ], V% v0 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ( f( ]. T0 I/ g+ M c% M0 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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5 |5 [* |1 V- S9 G/ G9 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, $ h3 j1 r8 H) f' R- o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 ]+ k9 T# y% [6 C- Z! h, f"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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8 {; x1 g y9 |+ Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ) U- h) y( ~9 ?' w+ S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 5 r3 b7 {+ Y- x1 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” + ]0 ^! B3 I- y4 j3 F1 q6 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ " c- {0 n& I ~1 s7 H8 \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” - ^, Z6 v4 Q: _* x. q8 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, # D i( `& y1 W* \+ {/ j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, , m* e: a: R' z; v9 l7 ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 4 p8 a3 U0 F4 R; N( c6 W% u7 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . g8 N2 H7 }2 ~ e4 O" b' o"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ( o8 }7 @1 P& E* ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 V* w7 V2 @( }* c( S0 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, " L! l/ ?) S# R* Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " f5 H; q" J! ~"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 1 [! n. ^. E* K" V$ z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 8 s; C" i5 u m: a' E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) O+ O T9 a F2 |* C- [* x6 L* X"Times New Roman"">“ 5 s# z2 y# ~2 L2 y+ O6 \, V* \4 e3 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % k3 y6 l/ f( \: {, s# A% D3 a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ~; Q2 Z0 c9 I6 F1 O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, + L$ L- ^4 ]0 q B3 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) H% ~0 p* g! t6 x9 Y' Z5 e6 A) p$ Z4 H"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: # s# z7 L) I+ h& x, s2 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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8 B2 \" r" ?) V; X' E0 T, zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ( G( m" B( ], z/ U+ l& {2 a& p# k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " J! s" h6 ~: z. E& A, Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 m# v; F, x! ?! H& h7 `"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ) q# |# @ Q) e6 {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, , x% L5 b8 n9 w( Q& ^; Y' G3 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, + B, H( D0 P* l% h! Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 9 S. Y/ }% X. P. M! p& M d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里- \: f9 H' S4 j2 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ) e8 H# ?' N9 q1 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(3 L5 [8 J* W8 p' }* q2 u+ G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), . @6 m/ _( \' b3 d3 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 b/ g2 ^8 S" v, h; Y"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用0 A- D* `4 a6 Z( U7 t" z12.0pt">, ! e' D' i" P3 G- m( s "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, % ]* r- `1 S: C$ N( v9 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, + x$ y* r0 f- X2 c# m! ^# U# N- Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!3 L$ c4 ]+ A. ^; p% S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, " R$ F$ }3 c) [4 d3 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ) f. O3 b, m5 L' c9 W! }1 F0 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, # w- x0 X: C' w* I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ( ~8 H, q% @5 j/ i5 o2 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ( G) q) f) M4 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”. \) D. R* E" f 12.0pt"> / a) P/ k# v. I o9 j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

3 a- d: r% W/ O" t0 l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ' ?$ S7 x% e; e. |1 {8 Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ( X2 K; Y9 L4 x% h+ l+ J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ( L; c! r- H3 B- S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 G! i6 I8 e3 C8 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ' w: a6 R$ \- k% K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 V1 q" W& c) G3 U- M5 A8 N"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ' p, d: y( P, Y/ ~7 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ( V0 w# h) }6 @7 [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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( o- A% P2 N& k0 a J0 G* @8 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, # s& i( s; z# y9 p' `' p2 S! W- [0 ^. K5 \2 O1 d) b8 ?- c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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5 f8 N6 _1 G: J# [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 0 _- `; s8 |+ @$ m" e* A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . f) C! x2 L. l* c, k& k% q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 D8 I# u( |, `8 H- T9 p" a+ _7 T/ j8 @# t* X& c5 R+ k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, F0 ?6 i# K, X; T, K5 R3 O3 k* [% Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,$ i7 Z- p7 w1 H5 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 7 w% Y( D" W& c$ H, Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + Y/ [/ v" ]: c2 [! ` D, x8 K"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题# F' `0 X& n! _+ S 12.0pt">: ' @; y' F' X; B- f a/ h0 ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ! |+ a1 T% u3 r0 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 b% w) ^! S$ I& W5 E# w"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才" Z( e. }1 k0 e/ T; \3 V4 @ 12.0pt">, : L1 }# {0 s4 [+ L4 l1 c5 f& D "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, $ J9 A; P- ^# n) x* l5 A0 g1 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . i' H: l2 I9 G$ O& t$ `7 d4 S- s"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; , v# I( }' X# [& D( b; V# a$ `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, , H l- }/ N% h( ]! C+ ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 2 @3 O9 I$ ^8 d) F5 x& B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : c8 G; u8 Y: Q% Y0 y"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 d$ |- ?. P( F7 Y 12.0pt">; $ ?* H/ Q; Y- a8 K; M, {8 X/ a"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ' {6 n: z7 p$ f: l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求$ D! Z( j" |& [$ K" I9 Q* ?/ w 12.0pt">: ! _7 y3 T' J/ O w- k, i; W4 q' f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 6 p+ o' k" L+ C1 j4 ], P6 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, - Q/ w7 }. W+ `0 C) u: K O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 2 _/ b, L: i' ^9 h( b; l g I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统/ `( M5 c5 X' [. {3 \% u. w" l) D 12.0pt">:

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/ c3 d# U) F- g; l* \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 V" m* u/ W, }* v9 g0 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ! J$ Z' U2 m1 W4 ^) d4 j; n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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" `6 x: P. c* N( _; v! u2 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 0 o! s5 G8 u( ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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% l2 j* B) U/ d( |" v$ H% Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ) M: F7 k- v# [' o) {" f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 H9 u+ ^. u* W; M$ W"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, / M8 S( A1 H* E" w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ( D& O' p: `! m3 T( J' c8 T {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 6 P! r. H9 T: E; R G! Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 5 H, S8 d& _7 Q0 z. d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # O+ S( j! u, g. ~3 g6 M"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, + C! Y! G- D: ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 K& u1 x2 ~ H. |% M t3 e; i6 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 8 F, ]) I- U7 h8 }" r# c$ o/ Z; J# J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + x* x {3 j9 J) a f, w- N"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 W4 G, e3 q4 E+ A( W, hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 9 I5 A3 \, r* f$ Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 M# u( F8 X0 u2 u, r4 g% L: X"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 g% z6 X5 p2 @" W, n1 `: ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

2 e3 U! S u6 x4 N1 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,. ^4 f: @& \# I, y) U9 S& a# A# ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 b* f3 N! q6 e, A"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定 Z9 c1 X5 L% X# f12.0pt">, 2 c& K8 [5 ?8 E+ `. r"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ' u1 I' L* S8 H) b/ Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - k. N; G- Y! x; ` v* R* \% p( b"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:5 X7 B- E4 ]: L5 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 0 ^% d* j# ~, j' _. Z$ g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 5 \4 C' M' i! n% X1 V0 r0 p( W3 `3 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, # D" u0 O/ n0 s& U- y. V- Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . b% x! I# _- \8 k$ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & \! E7 H9 f5 h8 T& `1 @1 A9 w4 n5 T"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: h2 u/ \% w5 M. V' |7 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ / C6 Q, g1 g) H, h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! m" y5 o1 `/ Q! i1 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊